In Memory

Kanti departed this life suddenly and unexpectedly.  The day started with him going into the clinic for a tooth extraction and x-rays as part of a routine health check. His bloodwork and x-rays looked good.  He was stable throughout the tooth surgery while at the clinic.  While being transported back to Wolf Park, he suddenly stopped breathing and could not be resuscitated despite multiple attempts at CPR. He left this earthly plane at 5:50 PM, April 6th, on his 9th birthday.

He is survived by his cousins, Aspen, Mani, and Sparrow, at Wolf Park, and Cypress and Tauriel at Wolf Mountain Nature Center, and by Timber. 

Timber lost her mate, Wotan (Kanti’s uncle) in early October, and Kanti lost his sister Fiona in late September.  We started keeping Timber and Wotan next door to Kanti as much as possible and Wotan’s willingness to posture and threaten Kanti next door gave Kanti something to focus on.  With a sparring partner, albeit a geriatric one, Kanti spent more time doing muscle poses, flourishing his tail, and generally doing his best to intimidate Wotan (who was not intimidated). Kanti’s repeated howling (perhaps calling for Fiona) tapered off.  Kanti was adjusting, and when Wotan’s death deprived Timber of his company, she and Kanti started taking a clearly friendly interest in each other.  

Last fall, we began carefully drawn out introduction of Kanti and Timber.  They progressed from  being next door neighbors, to excited greetings through the fence , to playdates and sleepovers.  They were not living together 24/7 since we knew that they might have to be separated for while if, for example, Kanti were to suffer a second urinary tract blockage requiring surgery. As it was they had to live next door to each other for two weeks after mating twice with Timber; we found him with a sore back and hind leg in the wake of their mating.  Our vet prescribed painkillers for Kanti and two weeks apart from Timber while he recovered. Kanti stayed calm when they were next door to each other rather than together.  Timber is so very bouncy, that Kanti, who acted delighted to have such an eager play partner, also seemed content to have rest days as long as he could see her.  When they were allowed back together, of course they played but with the warmer weather and lengthening days, they spent more time resting, usually near each other and sometimes gently licking each other’s faces.  We also saw Kanti gently grooming Timber, and once he dexterously removed a burr from her fur.  He was also patient with her games of Flying Pinch, although he did let her know he did not really like that game. 

Nine years is not nearly long enough to have had Kanti, but we are grateful for that time.  At this time we do not know, and may never know, what caused his sudden death.   We are left with memories of a big, blond, handsome wolf, whom one of his puppy mothers described as a “grumpy sweet child.”  How, after his cataract surgery at seven months he could suddenly see a myriad of things which he suddenly realized he wanted.   How he would roar when upset; the way he guarded his water bucket from people he did not (yet) deem close friends, even when they were trying to give him fresh water. When he was in the mood, how he insisted on kissing us, and made grumbly sounds, while licking us, as though recounting the events in a frustrating day.  The way he rubbed on human friends and butted them vigorously with his head like a big kitty when he was happy. His wrestling with his brother Bicho, and the way Fiona let him know (sometimes subtly, sometimes bluntly) that she was In Charge, and lastly, his delight at having Timber’s companionship.  Kanti was not always easy to work with but he taught us valuable lessons in loving a sometimes difficult individual.  We will always remember him.

Wotan’s race is run.  His loss of kidney function, which progressed for several months, reached the stage where his kidneys could no longer function enough to do him any good.  We are only given our friends (human and otherwise) and family for “a while” and none of us know how long “a while” is.  

It is a comfort to remember that his summer was mostly a good one.  In his last week he was so energetic that we hoped it augured well for his being with us for several more months.  He was able to spend most of his days with Timber, though we did separate them on the days when the wolves get their large meals, to give him plenty of time to eat without Timber “volunteering” to “clean up his leftovers”.  Sometimes he did not feel like eating a great deal at one time.  So we also offered him daily snacks.

It’s common for elderly wolves to become picky about what they will eat and they often become disinclined to eat a lot at one time.  Wotan was no exception.  We took to keeping a smorgasbord of dainties in the refrigerator to tempt his appetite.  One recurring favorite was beef tongue.  We had to keep changing the menu to tempt his tastebuds, and various staff members and volunteers took up the challenge.  One of our volunteers cooked pot roast and saved some for Wotan – he really liked that, as well as Monty’s grilled offerings.  Bulgogi is not something you would normally think of wolves eating, but Wotan loved Monty’s garlic free version for several days.  Sometimes he went for meat that the other wolves were getting – carcass, organ meat, or freezer meat – but we cut his food up in easily swallowed chunks to save his energy.  When he was in the mood for spare ribs, he seemed to enjoy crunching the bones.  The challenge to find things he would eat also included finding food in which we could hide pills.  Wotan was good at detecting pills. A recurring favorite pill hider was McD’s cheeseburgers, especially the Double Quarter Pounder – one piece of cheese is usually between the burger patties and makes “glue” for holding pills between the burgers!  Periodically Wotan went off burgers, but, given a break from them, he’d find them tasty after several days of eating another favorite.  One favorite especially during the hot days in August was…vanilla ice cream.  But it had to be Fresh Thyme Vanilla Bean ice cream.  We did try the Purple Cow brand, but that was a no go.

After losing Fiona on 9/11, and to help Kanti adjust to her loss, we put him at East Lake with Sparrow on one side and Wotan and Timber on another side.  With three other wolves “next door,” Kanti was diverted, and began posing for Sparrow and Timber, and he also threatened Wotan, who reciprocated with lateral threat displays.  Standing broadside, hackles raised, and looking his most imposing, Wotan paraded up and down along the fence opposite Kanti.  He could not run along the fence like Kanti but he trotted and walked tall, clearly in “look upon me and tremble” mode.  This slow motion fence fighting definitely gave him an added interest in life and his appetite perked up with his activity level.  We were pleased to see him having an interest!  It contributed significantly to him having a good last week.

On October 1, he took all his pills (in canned cat food – a new favorite) but at feeding time his appetite was small and he had less energy.  Timber, in a next door enclosure because it was a big feeding day, was very bouncy at the prospect of being reunited with her big guy.  He was lying down and did not get up when she came in.  Instead of requesting and requiring that he get up and join her in jollification, she lay down, quietly, next to him, so close that they were touching, and stayed that way.

Next morning he was more lethargic.  We called the vet, and took him in to the clinic for examination.  The veterinarian thought that his kidneys had shut down or were in the final stage of doing so.  She did a blood test that could be analyzed in-house.  The results bore her out.  She said that in her opinion he had reached the point at which trying to buy him more time would do him no favors. We agreed and he was peacefully sedated and then euthanized.  A gross necropsy performed that evening, confirmed the diagnosis.  There was nothing more we could have done.  

In losing Wotan, Wolf Park loses an icon.  His passing marks the end of several chapters in the park’s existence.  His lineage goes back to Cassie, one of the first two Wolf Park wolves, acquired from the Brookfield Zoo in 1972, and he was the last living wolf that Dr. Klinghammer knew.  He was also the last living wolf to take part in our Wolf – Bison demonstrations.  Until Kanti and Bicho reached maturity, Wotan was our largest wolf.  Wolf Park’s sign, at the head of our lane, shows him standing in the light of the setting sun.  He was an attentive, devoted mate to Timber, and their pups, Aspen, Mani, and Sparrow, carry our hope of continuing Wolf Park’s bloodline.

We have lost Fiona, our beautiful black female wolf; eight years was not nearly long enough, but as Wolf Park friend Ken McCort says, when faced with mortality, “We are only given friends and family and pets for a while and we don’t know how long ‘a while’ is.”  It’s a reminder to treasure our dear ones while we have them; every day of life is a gift.

Fiona was one of six pups;  four grew up blond, showing the influence of their white, arctic maternal grandmother, and two, a male and female, were black, showing the influence of their maternal grandfather who was a black, non-arctic wolf.

Growing up and living with her bumptious brothers, Bicho and Kanti, Fiona had to learn to stand up for herself.  As she matured, she was often subjected to “guy humor” by Bicho and Kanti, who thought “sisters are for squashing”*.  They learned that it may all be fun and games up to a point but if Fiona was pushed too hard, there would be REPERCUSSIONS.

That isn’t to say that it was all rowdiness and retaliation between the siblings.  One summer we were hanging out with the young wolves and Fiona happened to be lying between Bicho and Kanti.  She rolled lazily toward one and who, instead of starting a favorite game of “can you feel it when I do…this?”  nibble groomed her tenderly for a few minutes.  He stopped and she rolled to the other brother, who also groomed her tenderly.  We all watched in amazement; I had never seen such a prolonged and gentle display of affection from the brothers to their sister.  I kept expecting mischievousness to overwhelm them but it didn’t.  She rolled back and forth between them several times and they took turns grooming her gently.

For health reasons, Fiona and her brothers were surgically sterilized.  They all had juvenile cataracts, though Fiona’s did not require surgery.  Her brother Bicho also had a defective heart valve, and while both conditions could be improved by surgery we opted not to chance passing on serious health problems to future generations.  

Because she was sterilized and not spayed, Fiona cycled annually and each year she had a false pregnancy, including complete denning behaviors.  She appropriated objects as puppy substitutes.  One year it was pine cones.  Wolf Park , when asked by visitors whether they couldn’t get the striking black Fiona to come out and be seen, explained “No, I’m sorry; she’s having pine cones.”  Her repertoire of maternal behavior stood her and us in good stead in 2017 when Wolf Park again reared puppies – Aspen, Máni, Sparrow, Niko and Khewa.  It’s advantageous to let wolf pups reared by human foster relatives also spend time with adult wolves who like puppies and have good parental behavior.    Timber was a good mother to Aspen, Máni, Sparrow, Cypress and Tauriel when they were little infants in the den; when they were older she wanted to treat them as toys, or play partners, but she didn’t know how to play with them appropriately.    Fiona stepped up in a big way, and was Mom to the pups all summer.  On her first visit to the nursery her whole face lit up when the pups approached.  She lay down and let them swarm over her.  Her whole demeanor said “My puppies!  I knew I had them – and here they are!”

Eight years is not nearly long enough, but it is what we were given and we are glad we had her.  Having her at all is worth the pain of loss that comes with mortality.  In closing, the opening verse of “She Walks in Beauty” by George Gordon (Lord Byron) seems a fitting tribute to Fiona.  Rest in peace, dear girl.  We will not forget you.

She walks in beauty, like the night

Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

And all that’s best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes;

Thus mellowed to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

From “She Walks in Beauty by 

Lord Byron (George Gordon)

In 2005, Wolf Park saw the birth of a litter of six pups from Erin and Chetan. The staff was very excited because these pups could trace their lineage all the way back to the park’s original dominate female, Cassie.

During their second winter, Wolfgang and Wotan teamed up to dominate their older brother Renki and rise to the second and third rank in the pack. They switched ranks on a regular basis and didn’t seem too concerned over which one was which rank. In the summer of 2009, the two staged a fight against dominant male, Tristan, and drove him from pack. Wolfgang emerged as the highest ranking male.

In 2012, Wolfgang fathered a litter of six puppies with his mate, Dharma. The next spring, the main pack was divided into smaller groups to ease tension among the wolves. Within a few years, Wolfgang and Wotan were living out their peaceful ‘retirement’ away from the busy youngsters of the main pack. The brothers are very happy together and much tension and grumpy has vanished from their relationship now that they aren’t pestered by younger wolves or females.

Among his many talents, Wolfgang turned out to be a dancer. He discovered the staff would give him lots of treats if he jumped backwards several times in a row. One of the staff taught him to bow. They created a dance routine in which they’d march back and forth together while she hummed a waltz. He was also a skilled pick-pocket, who regularly attempted to make off with humans’ prized possessions.

During 2018, Wolfgang fought an ongoing battle with cancer. Treatment help and he rallied for a time, but began losing stamina toward the end of the year. He passed away quietly on his own the evening of December 28, surrounded by staff and volunteers who’d known and cared for him all his life.

Bicho was born to Dharma and Wolfgang along with his five siblings in the spring of 2012. Bicho, Kanti and Fiona were chosen to live at Wolf Park for their whole lives.

Bicho had some health problems as a puppy. He was born with a heart murmur which was fixed thanks to the cardiology team at Purdue University Teaching Hospital. He and Kanti were also born with cataracts which had to be removed to improve their vision.

In the spring of 2013, the main pack was divided into two smaller packs. Kanti, Bicho and Fiona were happy to have a pack all to themselves. Kanti emerged as the dominant male and sometimes micro-managed Bicho’s activities. Bicho wasn’t all innocence either. He was often spotted intentionally irritating Kanti into a bad mood when Kanti just wanted to be left alone. Most of the time, the brothers appreciate one another’s company. They sought each other out for comfort when frightened, pressed their hips together when nervous and jointly pestered their sister. It was rare to see one without the other in the enclosure.

Bicho was found during morning rounds on December 21, having passed away suddenly. His weak heart appeared to be the cause. He’d shown no indication anything was wrong, but that is not uncommon in cases like his. Although the staff had hoped surgery would provide him with a normal lifespan, they were glad they’d at least provided him with a prolonged and improved life for the time they had with him.

April 12, 2004 – August 13, 2018

Ayla was born to Tristan and Erin in the spring of 2004. As part of the first litter born to Wolf Park after a five year gap, she was eagerly welcomed into the family.

Ayla was the smallest of the four pups but cheerfully wrestled her siblings, climbed into human laps and generally caused mischief in the pack. During her first winter, Ayla and her sister, Kailani, decided sneaking up and biting their mother on the rump was a fun game. Erin found this less amusing and began chasing her daughters around the enclosure every time they came close to her. Erin was later removed from the pack to reduce the stress on the girls. Although Kailani settled into life in the pack without Erin, Ayla did not. Wotan and Wolfgang continued to harass her, often with Kailani’s assistance.

In the fall of 2006, Ayla was removed from the pack and placed in the retirement area. She was soon prancing up and down the fence thumbing her nose at her former pack mates.

Wanting to give the young wolf social time, the staff arranged play dates between her and her brothers, Renki and Ruedi. Renki and Ayla were some of the Park’s best hunters and were frequent participants in the (no longer held) wolf-bison demos. Eventually Renki and their father, Tristan, were removed from the main pack. The three wolves formed a happy little trio which stayed together for several years.

After Tristan passed away, Renki took turns living with Ayla and Kailani, depending on which sister would put up with him hoarding all the food. Ayla got along with him better and they usually shared an enclosure on non-feeding days. Renki passed away in 2018, making Ayla the oldest wolf in the park, and too old to receive a new live-in companion. Aspen the puppy visited her occasionally, and the staff made sure she received lots of human attention.

During the summer of 2018, Ayla was diagnosed with cancer. Due to age and health, the vet recommended against surgery. The staff worked hard to give her a good final summer. She began having play dates with Wolfgang, which she thoroughly enjoyed. As she began to lose weight, volunteers provided her with special foods to tempt her appetite.

Ayla departed this life peacefully at 7:25 p.m. on Monday, August 13. She’d refused food for several days prior and everyone recognized it was time.

She’ll be remembered as a goofy wolf who greeted visitors with demands for belly rubs and a cheerful smile. She gained brief internet fame with the ‘Moon-Moon Meme’ in which she was often featured as a fluff-brained were-wolf.

April 3, 2006 – June 4, 2018
Twister and his sister, Willow, were brought to Wolf Park from a facility in Utah which studies non-lethal forms of predator control. Twister was named after the natural disasters threatening the park on the day of his arrival.

The coyotes grew up much faster than the wolves and exhausted their puppy parents by scaling walls and searching for new activities with which to amuse themselves. They were glad to move from the puppy nursery to the adult pen which had been specially reinforced to contain young coyotes.

One of the coyotes’ favorite weeks of the year was when dog trainer Ken McCort came to visit. He would always spend a long time working on target training the coyotes. They also appreciated the environmental enrichment efforts of the interns. The interns would provide them with boxes filled with strange foods, things to destroy, or unusual scents.

During evening rounds on June 4th, Twister was found to have passed away without warning. He’d been fine during morning and afternoon check. The most likely causes of death were seizure, stroke, or heart attack, but the vet found nothing conclusive. Twister will be sorely missed by those who learned so much about coyotes and their incredibly unique behavior during his time at the park.

May 6, 2013 – April 4, 2018
Gypsum was born at a facility in Minnesota on May 6, 2013. Ten days later, he arrived at Wolf Park. Along with his sisters, Ifa and Hunter, they became the first socialized grey foxes at our facility. Even at that early age, with his eyes barely open, he was already climbing up shirts and curling up on shoulders.

He was the favored sleeping companion by almost all who assisted in raising the kits. He was an amazing snuggler. He was also a little thief, so it was important to clear out pockets before he had a chance to investigate them. This continued throughout his life. He even managed to nab a set of car keys and cache them. Over his first few months of life he had a tendency to play hard and sleep hard. It was not unusual for him to be carried, sound asleep, like a baby back into the nursery after a big day outside.

Gypsum was shy of crowds, and often displayed the typical elusive nature of grey foxes during open hours. He had a select group of humans that he loved. For those lucky few, he enjoyed licking the inside of their noses, cuddling, and receiving belly rubs. During sponsor visits and seminars, he would come out and sit on his “safe stones” and watch. Eventually he would work up enough “brave juice” to approach close enough for someone to toss him a treat.

Gypsum’s social circle was small, but his personality was mighty. The world was his to conquer. He once threatened Kanti, who was so frightened that he ran away and hid behind Bicho. Gypsum was convinced wolves were easily defeated ever after. He absolutely loved his walks. That is often how he connected best with people he didn’t know.

On Monday, April 2, Gypsum started acting not quite right. He had been dealing with a lot over the weekend (tours, kids) and we let him sleep. On Tuesday, he didn’t get up for medication rounds. We checked on him, and he just wasn’t his perky self. He didn’t want scrambled eggs (a favorite food) and, after a physical exam, and there was a concern about his stomach being tight. We took him into the clinic for a check-up but that was inconclusive. The game plan was bland diet, fluids and re-assess over the next 24-36 hours. We kept him inside. Kimber and Dana spent a lot of time watching over him. On Tuesday night, Gypsum went downhill and was in a lot of pain. We took him back to the clinic Wednesday morning, and the decision was made to do exploratory surgery. There was an odd mass that had started leaking fluids and his internal organs weren’t healthy at all. The only humane choice was to say good-bye. Even though he had a small social circle, Gypsum had a mighty personality and will be greatly missed.

Renki and his three siblings were born at Wolf Park in 2004. Renki was named after Irenaus ‘Renki’ Eibl-Eibesfeldt, a well-known German ethologist. He was an easy wolf to identify in the pack due to the crooked, black line that runs down his nose.

In the pack, Renki became known for testing boundaries, both with wolves and humans. He rose to be the #2 ranking male, only to be deposed within a year by his younger brothers, Wotan and Wolfgang. Eventually he was removed from the big pack and went to live with his father and sister in the retirement area.

After their father’s passing, Renki and his sister, Ayla continued to live as a somewhat contented pair of wolves. Renki loved food and didn’t love sharing so he and Ayla had long visits together on non-feeding days. Sometimes he also spent time with his other sister, Kailani.

In July 2016, Renki was diagnosed with bone cancer. To halt the spread, his front leg was amputated. Renki recovered from the operation and quickly adjusted to life on three legs. He still loved walks, attention, food and playing with his sisters. He moved back in with Ayla as soon as he was recovered and has been managing life as a ‘tri-pod’ with a cheerful smile.

In December 2017, Renki began having trouble breathing. He was brought inside and treated in hopes of an easy recovery but his condition slowly deteriorated. He had good days in which he enjoyed exploring the Animal Care Center, going for short walks, and visiting with Ayla. As his breathing grew labored and he became unable to stand without assistance, the staff brought him to the vet clinic for more intense diagnosis. The results were not promising and Renki was euthanized.

Renki is remembered as a challenging and cheerful wolf. He led the procession for nearly every Walk for Wolves during his lifetime. He once met and danced with Neil DeGrasse Tyson. He loved participating in research, if it involved food. He will be well-remembered.

Kailani was one of four pups born to Tristan and Erin in 2004. She was a pale colored, petite wolf .

As a youngster, Kailani thought sneaking up on her mother and biting her on the rump was a fun game. When she lived with the main pack, she continued to enjoy nipping other wolves whenever the opportunity arose. The boys would wrestle with each other but when Kailani arrived, they tended to break up their fights in a hurry. She bit too hard for their taste. Still, she was the only girl in the pack at the time and they took their turns courting her every year.

Once she retired from the main pack, Kailani occasionally visited her brother, Renki, but lived alone much of the time. She loved human company and would demand long belly rubs from her favorite people whenever they visited.

In October, 2016, Kailani was diagnosed with cancer. The staff made her as comfortable as possible and made her last months happy with walks, visits from Renki, and any food she could possible desire. On November 24, she was put to sleep surrounded by the staff and volunteers. Shell be remembered as the fierce, pale gray wolf, who could death stare her brothers, while receiving a belly rub.

On May 6, 2013, an independent-minded grey fox named Ifa was born in Minnesota. Ten days later, our lives changed forever as the ‘kit-moms’, Amanda, Bronwyn, and Zach brought Ifa, Gypsum, and Hunter to Wolf Park and into our lives as the park’s first socialized grey foxes. Even on the ride home, Ifa made it abundantly clear that she was an independent vixen by continually attempting to climb out of the nest box her mothers’ had prepared for her. She almost succeeded! From an early age, she kept her kit-moms busy with unpredictable behavior, and was usually the first to surprise them with the onset of the next stage of development earlier than expected. She chose an exclusive group of people to be her best friends. The circle expanded only once to include volunteer Jacob, although she tolerated and worked with most other people.

Even with her independent attitude, Ifa loved training with anyone who had a treat. The sound of a bait bag opening would pull Ifa out of a slumber, onto a platform and ready to work; unless, of course, it was early. She wasn’t always a morning fox (and was often seen with ridiculous bed head if disturbed). She was quick to pick up cues and was known most for her signature “wave” and “meerkat” pose. If you were working with Gypsum or Hunter and looked down, you would typically find Ifa at your feet, offering up a behavior in hopes of a reward.

Along with training, Ifa also enjoyed rambles around the park. Exploring tall grass was always a favorite, and negotiating with the handler in an attempt to climb a tree or go under a deck was always attempted. Walks were always on her terms, though—she wouldn’t always choose to go. She would, however, dictate when she came back. On one occasion, she refused to go home and instead walked twice around the loop trail, enjoying a leisurely spring day.

On Wednesday, August 17, Ifa began acting not quite right. Our vet, Dr. Becker, was coming out to examine several other animals, and we put her in the line-up. After a brief exam, it was decided to keep her in the Alison Franklin Animal Care Center overnight and take her to the clinic the following morning in order to do a full work-up. At the clinic, Ifa’s abdominal area didn’t look right. After consulting with another doctor, surgery was recommended. It quickly became apparent that Ifa was suffering from a ruptured abscess that had enmeshed itself to the pancreas and other organs, and that there was nothing that could be done. True to her independent personality, Ifa passed away on Thursday, August 18, 2016 after giving us only one day’s notice that anything at all was wrong. Prior to this ordeal, she was working hard on a new cue—“reach for the stars”—We are all going to miss our little star dearly.

April 27, 2010 – June 9, 2015

Dharma was born in 2010 at the New York State Zoo in Watertown, NY. She was brought, with the rest of her litter of nine, to Wolf Park to be socialized and to become one of our ambassador wolves. She was the shy pup in her litter, but, as she grew older, Dharma blossomed into an outgoing, affectionate wolf that seemed at times to have an infinite capacity for making human friends. Known as “our little Diva”, she consistently influenced people to get exactly what she wanted. “Hello,” she would say, “would you like to share my personal space and scratch me here? Don’t stop.” Her infectious canine grin was totally endearing.

Although we expected many more years with Dharma, her life came to a sudden end on June 9th. We had been making plans for a convalescent process, but it became apparent to all of us that euthanasia was the only remaining kindness we could give our little diva. It was with heavy hearts and with many tears that we said goodbye. Dharma left us surrounded by friends and those that loved her dearly.

Even when they live into their mid or late teens, it feels like the lives of our canine friends are never long enough. Dharma was only five years old, and it feels as though we are missing out on many years we should have had with her. The pain of her loss will be with us for a long time.Wolf Park would like to send a heartfelt thank you for trying to save our little girl, both to the doctors and staff at Purdue Small Animal Clinic and to Dr. Becker.

April 20, 1998 – April 22, 2015

Marion was peacefully euthanized on the evening of April 22nd, after what looked like an “ouchie walk” turned, over the course of a few days, into increasing loss of control and then paralysis in her hindquarters. Dr. Julia assured us she was not in pain. She enjoyed special treats on her last two days and visits from human friends. A necropsy showed that her chest cavity was riddled with tumors. Given her presenting symptoms she may have had a tumor also affecting her spinal nerves. It was plain that she had had all the good time we could give her.

Marion was born to Karin and Seneca in 1998 and was the last of her age-mates left alive. As a puppy she was outgoing, volatile, and mercurial, with a forceful personality who had to be involved in whatever was happening, and she kept these traits her entire life. As she grew up she eventually acquired the nickname “Marion the Barbarian” because she ruled most of her packmates with an iron paw. Visitors used to ask how such a tiny wolf could dominate and intimidate wolves who were much larger. “She’s only little on the outside” was my stock answer.

Fortunately for us, Marion seemed to like most humans better than wolves (except Seneca). Monty was her favorite person in the whole world. This came in very handy given Marion’s mercurial mood shifts. Even for a wolf, Marion was fast. Her mood could change so quickly that the wolves themselves seemed to want as much advance notice as they could get of when a change was coming. Learning to calm down was a skill we were grateful she could master. We could work on training her to remain calm, but in inevitably there were times when she cast calm to the winds and we had to deal with a highly aroused Marion in full Barbarian mode.

Marion’s relationship with Seneca’s brother, Miska, changed in interesting ways through the years. From her youth she looked for opportunities to dominate the male wolves, except Seneca, and she often used Seneca’s proximity to assert herself over Miska. Outside of breeding season they usually tolerated each other and sometimes even played together nicely. But Miska did tend to tense up when Marion was excited. He knew from years of experience that she could go from happy excitement to aggression in about 0.0001 seconds. His response was heightened vigilance and some subtle warning signals to Marion that he was ready to defend himself if necessary.

Marion helped blow the mistaken notion that wolves can’t or won’t pay attention to human social signaling out of the water. Years ago Dr. Clive Wynne, Monique Udell, and Nicole Dorey (both of whom now have Ph.D.’s) came to revisit the question of whether wolves can be as adept as dogs at using human social signaling. Specifically, could and would wolves follow a human’s pointing finger to locate a treat? Marion made one error in her repeated trials of following points to get treats. Her one mistake was, I think, almost necessary to check what the “rules of engagement” were for this game. After the one mistake, she proceeded to rack up a perfect score. Not only that, she learned very quickly that after getting her treat she needed to return to her human handler and wait for the next trial to be set up. Marion stopped waiting for us to call her. She’d dart down, collect her treat for correctly following a point, then about face and return to her handler. The handler’s presence seemed little more than a formality to Marion. After her spectacular performance the researchers got to meet Marion, who was happy to hold court, but wanted to know if she could still go on earning treats!

After outliving both Seneca and Miska, Marion lived in an enclosure alone, but within sight of other wolves at East Lake. Marion kept very busy watching other wolves. As she got into her mid teens, her howls became less powerful — a lot of our wolves who live past 14 show some degree of paralysis in their vocal cords, gradually losing the power to vocalize. Marion’s howls became softer and more breathy, but her ability to growl did not diminish! She was active and tough right up to the end. In January 2014, she stared down the polar-vortex-driven storm that shut down west central Indiana for a while. She did not sleep in her warm, insulated hut; instead, she slept in the lee of one little flake of straw, while the wind howled around her. Later she was up and busily trotting around, looking for something to “snoopervise”. This past fall she served as the “pace wolf” for our Walk for Wolves fundraiser.

Marion – brilliant, tough, athletic – was one of the most memorable wolves we’ve raised. Given her personality, it seems strange to wish her to “rest in peace,” but maybe spirits like hers get to hunt shooting stars. Marion, we will never forget you!

Spring 2000 – September 12, 2014

in the full moonlight of autumn at the hour when I was born
you no longer go out like a flame at the sight of me
you are still warmer than the moonlight gleaming on you
even now you are unharmed even now perfect
as you have always been now when your light paws are running
on the breathless night on the bridge with one end I remember you
— from the poem “Vixen”, by W. S. Merwin

Ember has left us, only a few weeks after the passing of her sister, Devon, in July – both to the collection of complications and complaints to which we refer as “old age”. Several times volunteer Karen stayed overnight with Ember in order to monitor her. When the temperature was not too hot, Ember got to go out on walks or spend a night out in the fox habitat. When she was indoors, she pottered around, looking out windows, choosing to sleep on a heating pad or the cool floor depending on what she wanted. People brought her treats, including mice, pimentos, and mice in pimentos. People sang to her. She had a lovely last couple of months, full of affection and high-value munchies.

Unfortunately Ember’s condition deteriorated significantly the second week of September. Sadly, we decided it was time for the final mercy we can give our animal friends when their bodies fail them. Dr. Becker came out and gently put Ember into her last sleep on the evening of September 12. The next time I see the streak of fire from a shooting star, I’ll think of her, our own little streak of fire.

Ember came to live with us along with her (foster) sister, Devon, in spring of 2000, as a tiny ball of dark brown fluff with a little white poof on the end of her tail. Less than a quarter the size of wolf pups of that age, the girls presented problems Wolf Park hadn’t seen before; notably, they could almost fit inside the human baby bottles we used for the wolves. We purchased kitten feeding bottles at the pet store and spent an exciting couple of hours in the office carefully adjusting them. The UPS delivery driver was quite surprised to be handed a bottle when he entered and asked to test the flow rate. The fox kits (all parts included) were so tiny and quiet that for a while it was safe to have a television in the nursery, and the girls got to watch “Yellow Submarine” while balanced on the stomach of a snoozing puppy mom.

The girls never really knew what to do with their housemates, Basil and Corey (both males, both sterilized). Basil had grown up around humans and courted like the dandelion fluff he was, getting overexcited and overstimulated and having to run around the enclosure in circles to calm down. Corey had grown up around the stately older female fox Angel (now deceased), and at least had the vague idea that courtship in the fox world had little to do with sitting on the head of one’s intended. He and Ember, the two red phase foxes, paired up, inasmuch as foxes do. They slept within a few feet of each other while apparently studiously ignoring each other, coming together occasionally to groom. Corey sometimes brought Ember gifts of food, feeling perhaps that that was the sort of thing you do when you are a young male fox who knows a young female fox, but the relationship apparently ended there.

The girls were always fond of snacks, and would spend time “trading” tidbits. An intern would arrive with food, and each girl would take treats until she could no longer fit anything more in her tummy, at which point she would take just one more piece of food, run off with it, and cache it somewhere safe in the enclosure. Her sister would observe this behavior and, after caching her own piece, run to the other’s piece and dig it up, while, on the other end of the enclosure, her sister did the same thing with her piece. Of course she would have no room for this piece, either, and would cache it…then run to the other girl’s newly-cached treat, dig it up, cache it…they could trade treats in this way for a considerable amount of time.

She was a great reminder that, no matter how carefully one raises a wild animal, they remain just that: wild. They have their own goals and desires, and it is ultimately their choice whether to associate with us or not. We are flattered that she chose to associate with us.

Good bye Ember. We will never forget you.

Devon, our beautiful silver-phase red fox, was put to sleep on the evening of July 22, 2014. For several years her blood tests had indicated that her kidneys were gradually losing efficiency. This is typical of aging animals (including humans). This spring, her blood work showed that the trend had accelerated, but for a few months Devon did not show any appreciable change in her behavior. She pottered around, pretty active for a geriatric fox lady, with days on which she was positively sprightly. She still liked her favorite foods and would eat some kidney-aiding medicated diet if it was mixed with food she liked better. We gave her subcutaneous fluids on an as-needed basis.

We also experimented with moving Devon and Ember into the air conditioned observation building on hot days. To our relief, the elderly ladies accepted this and sometimes competed to lie on a cold air register. Then in late July, Devon’s appetite flagged and she became restless. More blood work showed that her kidneys had lost more function. We sadly decided the time had come to give her the last gift we can give our animal friends. A necropsy showed that fluid was accumulating around her heart, impairing its ability to pump. With her kidneys having already lost so much ability to function, this information about her heart indicated that we had given Devon all the help we could.

Devon had a long and eventful life. Brought to Wolf Park as a two-week-old kit along with her foster sister, Ember, in 2000, she was hand-raised by several loving kit parents and introduced to the then-resident male red foxes, Basil and Corey.

Devon was an avid collector of frozen mice, and would gather them by the half-dozen in her mouth, tails sticking out every which way, because of her reluctance to move away from the mouse distribution area in order to cache them. She and Ember would “trade” mice — Devon would receive a mouse and cache it, then go to retrieve another, and while she was distracted, Ember would swoop in on the cache, steal the mouse, and cache it elsewhere. Devon, busy caching her second mouse, would see this, exclaim, and go steal her first mouse back while Ember busied herself unburying and recaching Devon’s second mouse. The “Wheel of Mice” would continue until finally the girls gave up and ate them.

All her life people remarked on Devon’s loveliness. Lord Byron’s poem might have been written for her:

SHE walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies,
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meets in her aspect and her eyes;
Thus mellow’d to that tender light
Which Heaven to gaudy day denies.

Goodbye, Devon. We will not forget you.